Tình cờ được chia sẻ 1 bài thông tin vô cùng hữu ích trên Wikipedia mà không phải ai làm du lịch hay hướng dẫn viên đều có thể nắm được hết về ẩm thực và cách sử dụng từ trong ẩm thực Việt Nam. Bài viết rất hữu ích trong trường hợp dịch menu nhà hàng @_@ Bạn có thể tìm thấy cách dịch sang tiếng Anh của nhiều món ăn và cách chế biến món ăn từ giữa bài.
Vietnamese cuisine encompasses the foods and beverages of Vietnam, and features a combination of five fundamental taste elements (Vietnamese: ngũ vị) in the overall meal.Each Vietnamese dish has a distinctive flavor which reflects one or more of these elements. Common ingredients include fish sauce, shrimp paste, soy sauce, rice, fresh herbs, and fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese recipes use lemongrass, ginger, mint, Vietnamese mint, long coriander, Saigon cinnamon, bird's eye chili, lime, and basil leaves. Traditional Vietnamese cooking is greatly admired for its fresh ingredients, minimal use of oil, and reliance on herbs and vegetables. With the balance between fresh herbs and meats and a selective use of spices to reach a fine taste, Vietnamese food is considered one of the healthiest cuisines worldwide.
Philosophical importance
Known for its balance of five elements, many Vietnamese dishes include five fundamental taste senses (ngũ vị): spicy (metal), sour (wood), bitter (fire), salty (water) and sweet (Earth), corresponding to: five organs (ngũ tạng): gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine, stomach, and urinary bladder.
Vietnamese dishes also include five types of nutrients (ngũ chất): powder, water or liquid, mineral elements, protein and fat. Vietnamese cooks try to have five colours (ngũ sắc): white (metal), green (wood), yellow (Earth), red (fire) and black (water) in their dishes.
Dishes in Vietnam appeal to gastronomes via five senses (năm giác quan): food arrangement attracts eyes, sounds come from crisp ingredients, five spices are detected on the tongue, aromatic ingredients coming mainly from herbs stimulate the nose, and some meals, especially finger food, can be perceived by touching.
Five element correspondence
Vietnamese cuisine is influenced by the Asian principle of five elements and Mahābhūta.
| Correspondence | Elements[5] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wood | Fire | Earth | Metal | Water | |
| Spices (ngũ vị) | Sour | Bitter | Sweet | Spicy | Salty |
| Organs (ngũ tạng) | Gall bladder | Small intestine | Stomach | Large intestine | Urinary bladder |
| Colors (ngũ sắc) | Green | Red | Yellow | Black | White |
| Senses (năm giác quan) | Visual | Taste | Touch | Smell | Sound |
| Nutrients (ngũ chất) | Carbohydrates | Fat | Protein | Minerals | Water |
Yin yang balance
The principle of yin and yang is applied in composing a meal in a way that provides a balance that is beneficial for the body. While contrasting texture and flavors are important, the principal primarily concerns the "heating" and "cooling" properties of ingredients. Certain dishes are served in their respective seasons to provide contrasts in temperature and spiciness of the food and environment. Some examples are:
Duck meat, considered "cool", is served during the hot summer with ginger fish sauce, which is "warm". Conversely, chicken, which is "warm", and pork, which is "hot", are eaten in the winter.
Seafoods ranging from "cool" to "cold" are suitable to use with ginger ("warm").
Spicy food ("hot") are typically balanced with sourness, which is considered "cool".
Balut (hột vịt lộn), meaning "upside-down egg" ("cold"), must be combined with Vietnamese mint (rau răm) ("hot").
Cultural importance
Salt is used as the connection between the worlds of the living and the dead. Bánh phu thê is used to remind new couples of perfection and harmony at their weddings. Food is often placed at the ancestral altar as an offering to the dead. Cooking and eating play an extremely important role in Vietnamese culture. The word ăn (eat) is included in a great number of proverbs and has a large range of semantic extensions.
Regional variations
The mainstream culinary traditions in all three regions of Vietnam share some fundamental features:
- Freshness of food: Most meats are only briefly cooked. Vegetables are eaten fresh; if they are cooked, they are boiled or only briefly stir-fried.
- Presence of herbs and vegetables: Herbs and vegetables are essential to many Vietnamese dishes and are often abundantly used.
- Broths or soup-based dishes are common in all three regions.
- Presentation: The condiments accompanying Vietnamese meals are usually colorful and arranged in eye-pleasing manners.
While sharing some key features, Vietnamese culinary tradition differs from region to region:
In northern Vietnam, a colder climate limits the production and availability of spices. As a result, the foods there are often less spicy than those in other regions. Black pepper is used in place of chilies as the most popular ingredient to produce spicy flavors. In general, northern Vietnamese cuisine is not bold in any particular taste — sweet, salty, spicy, bitter, or sour. Most northern Vietnamese foods feature light and balanced flavors that result from subtle combinations of many different flavoring ingredients. The use of meats such as pork, beef, and chicken were relatively limited in the past. Freshwater fish, crustaceans, and mollusks, such as prawns, squids, shrimps, crabs, clams, and mussels, are widely used. Many notable dishes of northern Vietnam are crab-centered (e.g., bún riêu). Fish sauce, soy sauce, prawn sauce, and limes are among the main flavoring ingredients. Being the cradle of Vietnamese civilization,[citation needed] northern Vietnam produces many signature dishes of Vietnam, such as bún riêu and bánh cuốn, which were carried to central and southern Vietnam through Vietnamese migration.
The abundance of spices produced by central Vietnam’s mountainous terrain makes this region’s cuisine notable for its spicy food, which sets it apart from the two other regions of Vietnam where foods are mostly not spicy. Once the capital of the last dynasty of Vietnam, Huế's culinary tradition features highly decorative and colorful food, reflecting the influence of ancient Vietnamese royal cuisine. The region’s cuisine is also notable for its sophisticated meals consisting of many complex dishes served in small portions. Chili peppers and shrimp sauces are among the frequently used ingredients. Some Vietnamese signature dishes produced in central Vietnam are bún bò Huế and bánh xèo.
The warm weather and fertile soil of southern Vietnam create an ideal condition for growing a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and livestock. As a result, foods in southern Vietnam are often vibrant and flavorful, with liberal uses of garlic, shallots, and fresh herbs. Sugar is added to food more than in the other regions. The preference for sweetness in southern Vietnam can also be seen through the widespread use of coconut milk in southern Vietnamese cuisine. Vast shorelines make seafood a natural staple for people in this region.
Cooking techniques
Some common Vietnamese culinary terms include:
Rán, chiên - fried dishes
- Chiên nước mắm - fried with sauce
- Chiên bột - battered then deep-fried
Rang - dry-fried dishes without oil
Áp chảo - pan-fried then sautéed
Xào - stir fry, sautéing
- Xào tỏi - stir fry with garlic, very common way of cooking vegetables
- Xào sả ớt - sautéed with lemongrass and chili pepper
- Xào lăn - pan searing or stir frying quickly to cook raw meat
- Xáo măng - braised or sautéed with bamboo shoots
Nhồi thịt - stuffed with minced meat before cooking
Sốt chua ngọt - fried with sweet and sour sauce
Kho - stew, braised dishes
- Kho khô - literally dried stew (until the sauce thickens)
- Kho tiêu/kho gừng/kho riềng - stewed with peppercorns/ginger/galangal
Nấu - means cooking, usually in a pot
- Nấu nước dừa - cooked with coconut juice
Hầm/ninh - slow-cook with spices or other ingredients
Rim - simmering
Luộc - boiling with water, usually fresh vegetables and meat
Hấp - steamed dishes
- Hấp sả - hấp or steamed with lemongrass
- Hấp Hồng Kông or hấp xì dầu - "Hong Kong" style steamed dish (i.e.: with scallion, ginger and soy sauce)
Om - clay pot cooking of northern style
- Om sữa - cooked in clay pot with milk
- Om chuối đậu - cooked with young banana and tofu
Gỏi - salad dishes
Nướng - grilled dishes
- Nướng xiên - skewered dishes
- Nướng ống tre - cooked in bamboo tubes over fire
- Nướng mọi/nướng trui/thui - char-grilled over open fire
- Nướng đất sét/lá chuối - cooked in a clay mould or banana leaves wrap, or recently, kitchen foil, hence the method has evolved into nướng giấy bạc
- Nướng muối ớt - marinated with salt and chili pepper before being grilled
- Nướng tỏi - marinated with garlic then grilled
- Nướng mỡ hành - grilled then topped with melted lard, peanuts, and chopped green onions
Bằm - sauteed mix of chopped ingredients
Cháo - congee dishes
Súp - soup dishes (not canh or clear broth soup)
Rô ti - roasting then simmering meat, usually with strong spices
Cà ri - curry or curry-like dishes
Quay - roasted dishes
Lẩu - hot pot dishes
Nhúng dấm - cooked in a vinegar-based hot pot, some variations include vinegar and coconut water-based hot pot
Cuốn - any dish featuring rice paper wraps with bún and fresh herbs
Bóp thấu/tái chanh - raw meat or seafood prepared with lime or vinegar
Typical Vietnamese family meal
A typical meal for the average Vietnamese family would include:
- Large bowl/pot/cooker of steamed white rice
- Individual bowls of rice
- Fish/seafood, meat, tofu (grilled, boiled, steamed, stewed or stir-fried with vegetables)
- A stir-fry dish
- Raw, pickled, steamed, or fresh vegetables
- Canh (a clear broth with vegetables and often meat or seafood) or other soup
- Prepared fish sauce for dipping, to which garlic, pepper, chili, ginger, or lime juice are sometimes added according to taste
- Dipping sauces and condiments depending on the main dishes, such as pure fish sauce, ginger fish sauce, tamarind fish sauce, soy sauce, muối tiêu chanh (salt and pepper with lime juice) or muối ớt (chili and salt)
- Small dish of relishes, such as salted eggplant, pickled white cabbage, pickled papaya, pickled garlic or pickled bean sprouts
- Fresh fruits or desserts, such as chè
All dishes except individual bowls of rice are communal and are to be shared in the middle of the table. It is also customary for the younger to ask/wait for the elders to eat first and the women sit right next to the rice pot to serve rice for other people. They also pick up food for each other as an action of care.
Feast
Feast (Vietnamese: cỗ, tiệc) is a significant event for families or a villages, usually up to 12 people for each table. A feast is prepared for weddings, funerals, and festivals, including the wish-for-longevity ceremony. In a feast, ordinary foods are not served, but boiled rice is still used. The well-known feast is the feast of 49 quan họ villages with cỗ năm tầng.
A Vietnamese feast has two courses: main course (món mặn - salty dish) and dessert (món ngọt - sweet dish). All dishes, except for individual bowls of rice, are enjoyed collectively. All main course dishes are served simultaneously rather than one after another. The major dish of the main course is placed in the centers of the tables, usually big pots of soup or hot pot.
Attendants are arranged into several groups according to their social status, gender, age, degree of acquaintance, and eating habits and preferences. Customarily, female guests will bring some food and help the hosts to prepare the feast.
A basic feast (cỗ một tầng) consists of 10 dishes: five in bowls (năm bát): bóng, miến (cellophane noodles), măng (bamboo shoot), mọc (meatball), chim or gà tần (bird or chicken stew dishes) and five in plates (năm đĩa): giò (Vietnamese sausage), chả, gà or vịt luộc (boiled chicken or duck), nộm (Vietnamese salad) and xào (stir-fried dishes). This kind of feast is original and is organized only in the northern Vietnam. Other variations are found in central and southern Vietnam.
Four dishes indispensable in the feast of Tết are giò, nem (spring roll), ninh (stew dishes) and mọc. At this time, the feast for offering ancestors includes sticky rice, boiled chicken, Vietnamese rice wine, and other preferred foods by ancestors in the past. Gifts are given before guests leave the feast.
Imperial cuisine
In the Nguyễn dynasty, the 50 best chefs all over the kingdom were selected for the Thượng Thiện board to serve the king. There are three meals per day, 12 dishes at breakfast and 66 dishes for lunch and dinner (including 50 main dishes and 16 sweets). An essential dish is bird's nest soup (tổ yến). Others are: fish fin (vi cá), abalone (bào ngư), deer's tendon (gân nai), bear' hands (tay gấu), rhinoceros' skin (da tê giác), etc. Water must come from Hàm Long well, Báo Quốc pagoda, Cam Lồ well near Thúy Vân mountain's bottom or from the source of the Hương River. Rice is the de variety from the An Cựu imperial rice field. Phước Tích clay pots for cooking rice were used one time only. Except for Thượng Thiện board members, no one was allowed to have any contact with cooked dishes. The dishes then are given to eunuchs before passing to the king's wives, and at last, being offered to the king. The king enjoyed meals (ngự thiện) alone in comfortable, music-filled space.
Popularity
Outside of Vietnam, Vietnamese cuisine is widely available in countries with strong Vietnamese immigrant communities, such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and France. Vietnamese cuisine is also popular in Japan, Korea, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, and Russia, and in areas with dense Asian populations.
Television shows featuring Vietnamese food have increased in popularity. Luke Nguyen from Australia currently features a television show, Luke Nguyen's Vietnam, dedicated on showcasing and instructing how to cook Vietnamese dishes.
On The Great Food Truck Race, a Vietnamese sandwich truck called Nom Nom Truck received the most money in the first five episodes.
Anthony Bourdain wrote for the Financial Times in 2005:
A year from now, I plan to live here. I will move to a small fishing village in a coastal area of Vietnam near Hoi An. I have no idea what I'm going to do there, other than write about the experience. I plan only on being a visual curiosity, the lone westerner in a Vietnamese community; to rent a house, move in with few, if any, expectations and let the experience wash over me. Whatever happens, happens.
Proverbs
Ăn trông nồi, ngồi trông hướng ("Checking the status of the rice pot when eating, watch where/what direction you are sitting.") = Be careful of possible faux pas.
Ăn theo thuở, ở theo thì - living in accordance to one's limit and social circumstance
Cha ăn mặn, con khát nước ("The father eats salty food, the children go thirsty.") = Bad actions will later bring bad luck/consequences to descendants.
Ăn kĩ no lâu, cày sâu tốt lúa (Eating carefully [makes one] feel full longer, ploughing deep is good for the rice) = Careful execution brings better results than hasty actions.
Food in relation to lifestyle
Vietnamese cuisine is reflective of the Vietnamese lifestyle from the preparation to how the food is served. Going through long phases of war and political conflicts, as well as cultural shifts, the vast majority of the Vietnamese people have been living in poverty. Therefore, the ingredients for Vietnamese food are often very inexpensive but nonetheless, the way they are cooked together to create a yin-yang balance make the food simple in look but rich in flavor.
Due to economic condition, maximizing the use of ingredients to save money has become a tradition in Vietnamese cooking. In earlier decades and even nowadays in rural areas, every part of a cow is used, from the tasty meat to the gamey intestines; nothing is wasted. The higher quality cuts from animals- cows, pork- would be cooked in stir-fry, soup or other dishes, while the more gamey cuts would be used in blood sausages or soup. The same goes for vegetables like scallions: the leafy part is diced into small bits which are used to add flavor to the food while the crunchy stalk and roots are replanted.
Nước mắm (fish sauce) is the most commonly used and symbolic condiment in Vietnamese cooking. It is made from fermented raw fish, and is served with most of the Vietnamese dishes. Vietnamese cuisines are not known for ingredients with top quality, but rather for the very inexpensive and simple scraps that are creatively mixed together to create dishes with bold flavor. A traditional southern Vietnamese meal usually includes cơm trắng (plain white rice), cá kho tộ (catfish in a clay pot), canh chua cá lóc (sour soup with snake-head fish) and it will not be completed without fish sauce as a condiment. Dishes are prepared not for the look, but are served family style to bring everyone together after a long day of work.
Despite being a small country in Southeast Asia, the foods from each region in Vietnam carry their distinctive and unique characteristic that portray the geographical and living condition of the people there. The traditional southern Vietnamese meal is made up of fresh ingredients that only the fertile Mekong Delta could provide, such as cá lóc, and a wide range of tropical fruit, such as mangosteen, mango), and dragon fruit. The southern style diet is very 'green', with vegetables, fish and tropical fruits as the main ingredients. Central Vietnam is the region in which food is prepared with the strongest, boldest flavors. This region is constantly under harsh weather conditions all throughout the year, so people there do not have as many green ingredients as others do in the north and south of Vietnam. Instead, the coastline around the central Vietnam area is known for its salt and fish sauce industries; these two condiments are central to their daily diets. Northern Vietnamese cuisine has a strong Chinese influence, and its iconic dish is phở. While rice is a staple in the southern Vietnamese diet, the north has a preference for noodles. Due to the drastic differences in climate and lifestyles throughout the three main regions of Vietnam, the foods vary. Northern Vietnamese cooking is the least bold in flavor compared to the foods from central and southern Vietnam.
Popular dishes
For a longer list of popular dishes, see List of Vietnamese dishes. For a list of popular dishes organized by province, see List of Vietnamese culinary specialties.
When Vietnamese dishes are referred to in English, it is generally by the Vietnamese name without the diacritics. Some dishes have gained descriptive English names, as well.
Popular Vietnamese dishes include:
Noodle soups
Vietnamese cuisine boasts a huge variety of noodle soups, each with distinct influences, origins and flavors. A common characteristic of many of these soups is a rich broth.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Bún bò Huế | Spicy beef noodle soup originated from the royal city of Huế in Central Vietnam. Beef bones, fermented shrimp paste, lemongrass, and dried chilies give the broth its distinctive flavors. Often served with mint leaves, bean sprouts, and lime wedges. Pig's feet are also common ingredients at some restaurants.[clarification needed] |
| Bún măng vịt | Bamboo shoots and duck noodle soup. |
| Bún Ốc | Vermicelli with snails (sea snails similar to the snails in French cuisine) |
| Bánh canh | A thick tapioca/rice noodle soup with a simple broth, often includes pork, crab, chicken, shrimp, spring onions and fresh onions sprinkled on top |
| Bún riêu | A noodle soup made of thin rice noodles, topped with crab and shrimp paste, served in a tomato-based broth and garnished with bean sprouts, prawn paste, herb leaves, tamarind/lime, tofu, water spinach, and chunks of tomato |
| Mì bò viên | A Chinese-influenced egg noodle soup with beef meatballs and raw steak, with chives and roasted shallot |
| Phở | A noodle soup with a rich, clear broth made from a long boiling of meat and spices, its many varieties are made with different meats (most commonly beef or chicken) along with beef meatballs. Phở is typically served in bowls with spring onion, (in phở tai) slices of semicooked beef (to be cooked by the boiling hot broth), and broth. In the south, bean sprouts and various herbs are also added. |
| Phở satế | Spicy noodle soup with thinly sliced rare beef steak, satế hot chili sauce, sliced cucumber, tomatoes, and peanut |
| Mì vįt tiềm | Yellow noodle soup with roasted duck and Chinese broccoli |
| Hủ tiếu | A noodle soup with many varied styles, including a 'dry' (not soup but with sauce) version, it was brought to Vietnam by way of Chinese (Teochew) immigrants. The noodles are usually egg noodles or rice noodles, but many other types may be used. The soup base is made of pork bones. |
Soup and cháo (congees)
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Súp măng cua | Asparagus and crab soup typically served as the first dish at banquets |
| Lẩu (Vietnamese hot pot) | A spicy variation of the Vietnamese sour soup with assorted vegetables, meats, seafood, and spicy herbs |
| Cháo | A variation of congee, it uses a variety of different broths and meats, including duck, offal, fish, etc. When chicken is used, it is called cháo gà. |
| Cháo lòng | Rice porridge with pork intestine, liver, gizzard, heart, and kidney |
| Bò kho | Beef stew with carrots, usually served with toasted bread or rice noodles |
| Nhúng dấm | Fire pot with a combination of sliced rare beef and seafood cooked in sour broth, served with thin rice vermicelli noodles, fresh vegetables, rice spring roll wrapper, and dipping sauce |
| Canh chua | Vietnamese sour soup – typically includes fish, pineapples, tomatoes, herbs, beansprouts, tamarind, and various kinds of vegetables |
Rice dishes
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Cơm chiên Dương Châu | A Chinese fried rice dish, named after the Yangzhou region in China, it is a well-known dish in Vietnam. |
| Cơm gà rau thơm(chicken and rice with mint) | This dish is rice cooked in chicken stock and topped with fried then shredded chicken, with mint and other herbs. The rice has a unique texture and taste that the fried mint garnish enhances. It is served with a special herb sauce on the side. |
| Cơm hến | Rice with clams – a popular, inexpensive dish in the city of Huế and its vicinity |
| Cơm chiên cá mặn | Fried rice with salty fermented fish and chopped snow pea and chicken |
| Cá/thịt kho | A traditional family dish of fish or pork cooked in clay pot and served with sweet and sour soup (canh chua) |
| Gà xào gừng | Chicken sauteed with ginger and fish sauce |
| Bò lúc lắc | Cubed beef sauteed with cucumber, tomatoes, onion, pepper, and soy sauce |
| Rau muống xào tỏi | Chinese broccoli sauteed with garlic and soy sauce |
| Cơm tấm | In general, grilled pork (either ribs or shredded) is mixed with bì (thinly shredded pork mixed with cooked and thinly shredded pork skin and fried ground rice) over com tam ("broken rice") and sweet and sour fish sauce. Other types of meat, prepared in various ways, may be served with the broken rice. One can have barbecued beef, pork, or chicken served with the broken rice. The rice and meat are served with various greens and pickled vegetables, along with a prawn paste cake (chả tôm), steamed egg (trứng hấp) and grilled prawns. |
Sticky rice dishes
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Bánh chưng | Sticky rice wrapped in banana leaves and stuffed with mung bean paste, lean pork and black pepper, it is traditionally eaten during the Lunar New Year(Tết). Bánh chưng is popular in the North, while the similar bánh tét is more popular in the South.Bánh tét has the same content, except is cylindrical in shape, and lean pork is substituted with fatty pork. |
| Xôi | Sticky rice with coconut milk, cooked the same way as one cooks rice, or steamed for a firmer texture and more flavorful taste, in a number of varieties |
Dumplings and pancakes
Main article: Bánh
| Name | |
|---|---|
| Bánh bao | A steamed bun dumpling that can be stuffed with onion, mushrooms, or vegetables, bánh bao is an adaptation from the Chinesebaozi to fit Vietnamese taste. Vegetarian banh bao is popular in Buddhist temples. Typical stuffings include slices of marinatedbarbecued pork from Chinese cooking, tiny boiled quail eggs, and pork. |
| Bánh bèo | A central Vietnamese dish, it consists of tiny, round, rice flour pancakes, each served in a similarly shaped dish. They are topped with minced shrimp and other ingredients, such as chives, fried shallots, and pork rinds, eaten with nước chấm. |
| Bánh bột chiên (fried rice flour cake) | A Chinese-influenced pastry, it exists in many versions all over Asia; the Vietnamese version features a special tangy soy sauce on the side, rice flour cubes with fried eggs (either duck or chicken), and some vegetables. This is a popular after-school snack for young students in southern Vietnam. |
| Bánh bột lọc | A Huế food, it consists of tiny rice dumplings made in a clear rice-flour batter, often in a small, flattish, tube shape, stuffed with shrimp and ground pork. It is wrapped and cooked inside a banana leaf, served often as Vietnamese hors d'œuvres at more casual buffet-type parties. |
| Bánh xèo | A type of crêpe made of rice flour with turmeric, shrimp with shells on, slivers of fatty pork, sliced onions, and sometimes button mushrooms, fried in oil, usually coconut oil, which is the most popular oil used in Vietnam. It is eaten with lettuce and various local herbs and dipped in nước chấm or sweet fermented peanut butter sauce. Rice papers are sometimes used as wrappers to contain banh xeo and the accompanying vegetables. |
Wraps and rolls
Main article: Món cuốn
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Bánh cuốn | Rice flour rolls stuffed with ground pork, prawns, and wood ear mushroom, they are eaten in a variety of ways with many side dishes, including chả (sausage). |
| Bì cuốn | Rice paper rolls with the bì mixture of thinly shredded pork and thinly shredded pork skin tossed with powdered toasted rice, among other ingredients, along with salad; it is similar to summer rolls. |
| Bò bía (Vietnamese-style popiah) | Stir-fried jicama and carrots are mixed with Chinese sausage and shredded scrambled eggs, all wrapped with vermicelli noodle in a rice paper roll, dipped into a spicy peanut sauce (with freshly roasted and ground peanuts). It is of Chinese (Hokkien/Chaozhou) origin, having been brought over by the immigrants. In Saigon (particularly inCholon), it is common to see old Teochew men or women selling bò bía at their roadside stands. The name bò bía phonetically resembles its original name popiah in theTeochew language. |
| Chả giò or nem rán(northern) | A kind of spring roll (sometimes referred to as egg roll), it is deep-fried flour rolls filled with pork, yam, crab, shrimp, rice vermicelli, mushrooms ("wood ear") and other ingredients. The spring roll goes by many names – as many people actually use (falsely) the word "spring roll" while referring to the fresh transparent rice paper rolls (discussed below as "summer rolls"), where the rice paper is dipped into water to soften, and then rolled up with various ingredients. Traditionally, these rolls are made with a rice-paper wrapper, but in recent years, Vietnamese chefs outside of Vietnam have changed the recipe to use a wheat-flour wrapper. |
| Gỏi cuốn | Also known as Vietnamese fresh rolls, salad rolls, or summer rolls, they are rice-paper rolls that often include shrimp, herbs, pork, rice vermicelli, and other ingredients wrapped up and dipped in nước chấm or peanut sauce. Spring rolls almost constitute an entire category of Vietnamese foods, as the many different kinds of spring rolls have different ingredients in them. |
Bánh tráng can be understood as either of the following:
- Bánh tráng cuốn
- thin rice flour sheet dried into what is commonly called "rice paper", used in making spring roll (chả giò), and summer rolls (gỏi cuốn) by applying some water to soften the texture
- Bánh tráng nướng (in the south), or bánh đa in the north
- These are large, round, flat rice crackers, which, when heated, enlarge into round, easily shattered pieces. They can be eaten separately, although they are most commonly added into thevermicelli noodle dishes like cao lầu and mì quảng. Many types of bánh tráng exist, including the clear sesame seed ones, prawn-like cracker with dried spring onions, and sweet milk.
Sandwiches and pastries
Main article: Bánh mì
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Bánh mì kẹp thịt | Vietnamese baguette or French bread is traditionally filled with pâté, Vietnamese mayonnaise, cold cuts, jalapeños, pickleddaikon, pickled carrot, and cucumber slices. While traditional cold cuts include ham, head cheese, and Vietnamese bologna, varieties of stuffing such as eggs, canned sardines, shredded pork, fried tofu, and grilled meats are common. Sandwiches are often garnished with coriander leaves and black pepper. |
| Bánh Pâté chaud | A French-inspired meat-filled pastry, it is characterized by flaky crust and either pork or chicken as the filling. |
Meat dishes
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Bò kho (meat soup) | A beef and vegetable stew, it is often cooked with warm, spicy herbs and served very hot with French baguettes for dipping. In northern Vietnam, it is known as bò sốt vang. |
| Bò lá lốt | A dish of spiced beef rolled in a pepper leaf (lá lốt) and grilled |
| Bò lúc lắc (shaking beef) | French-influenced dish of beef cut into cubes and marinated, served over greens (usually watercress), and sautéed onions and tomatoes, eaten with rice |
| Bò 7 món (seven courses of beef) | Multi-course meal consisting of seven beef dishes. Developed during the French colonial era when beef became more widely consumed. |
| Cá 7 món (seven courses of fish) | Similar course arrangement as Bò 7 món substituting beef with fish. Less popular than the original variant. |
| Chả lụa | A sausage made with ground lean pork and potato starch, it is also available fried; known as chả chiên. Various kinds of chả(sausage) are made of ground chicken (chả gà), ground beef (chả bò), fish (chả cá), or tofu (chả chay, or vegetarian sausage). |
| Gà nướng sả | Grilled chicken with lemon grass(sả), lemongrass grilled beef and other meats are also popular variations. |
| Nem nướng | Grilled meatballs, usually made of seasoned pork, thy are often colored reddish with food coloring and with a distinct taste, grilled on skewers like kebabs. Ingredients in the marinade include fish sauce. |
| Nem nguội | A Huế dish and a variation of the Nem nướng meatballs, these also come from central Vietnam. They are chilled, small and rectangular in shape, and stuffed with vermicelli. The reddish meat is covered with peppers and typically a chili pepper. Very spicy, they are eaten almost exclusively as a cocktail snack. |
Seafood dishes
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Cá cuốn ho | A roll with fish and spring onions |
| Cá kho tộ | Caramelized fish in clay pot |
| Chạo tôm | Prawn paste/cake on sugarcane |
Salads
Gỏi is Vietnamese salad; of the many varieties, the most popular include:
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Gỏi đu đủ | Vietnamese papaya salad typically with shredded papaya, herbs, various meats such as shrimp, slices of pork, liver, or jerky, herbs, and with a more vinegar-based rendition of nước chấm |
| Gỏi Huế rau muống | A salad dish originating from Huế (Central Vietnam), including water spinach (rau muống) |
| Gỏi ngó sen | Lotus stem salad, with shrimp and pork or chicken |
| Gỏi đậu hủ | Tofu salad with shredded cabbage, mint, and soy dressing |
| Gỏi nhệch | Rice paddy eel salad with shredded vegetables |
| Gỏi sứa | Jellyfish salad with carrot, cucumber, and sesame dressing |
| Gỏi chân vįt | Duck feet salad with shredded cabbage and sweet and sour fish sauce |
| Bò tái chanh | Shredded salad with thinly sliced rare beef, fresh lemon, onion, fried onions, and fish sauce |
| Gỏi gà | Chicken and cabbage salad |
| Gỏi mit | Young jackfruit salad with peanuts, mint, and fish sauce |
Curries
- Vietnamese curry is also popular, especially in the south due to the adoption of curries from neighboring Laos and Cambodia,[12] where curries are common, including the optional use of coconut milk. Therefore, curry chicken in Vietnam can be either made with or without coconut milk. It is usually served with bread, rice, or noodles.
- Another type of well-known Vietnamese curry is beef brisket curry or oxtail curry. The beef curries are often served with French bread for dipping, or with rice.
- Cà ri gà is a popular Vietnamese curry made with chicken, carrots, sweet potatoes, and peas in a coconut curry sauce. It is also served with rice or baguette.
Pickled vegetable dishes
Dưa muối is Vietnamese term for these dishes:
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Dưa chua, Dưa cải muối chua | Made from a kind of mustard green |
| Cà bát muối xổi | Made from Vietnamese eggplant |
| Dưa kiệu | Made from Allium chinense, this is a dish of the Tết holiday. |
| Dưa hành | Made from onion bulbs |
| Dưa món | Made from carrot, daikon, or green papaya |
Fermented fish or shrimp
Mắm, a Vietnamese term for fermented fish or shrimp, is used as main course, ingredients or condiments. The types of fish most commonly used to make mắm are catfish, snakeheads, andmackerels. The fish flesh remains intact (this is how it is different from nước mắm), and can be eaten cooked or uncooked, with or without vegetables and condiments.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Mắm tôm | Made from fermented shrimp |
| Mắm cá thu | Made from mackerel fish, usually in Bình Định province |
| Mắm nêm | Usually made from round scad fish, in central Vietnam |
| Mắm tôm chua | Made from shrimp, green papaya, this is a dish of Huế city. |
| Mắm ruốc | Made from krill, from central Vietnam |
| Mắm cá linh | Made from a kind of fish that immigrates to the Mekong Delta every flood season from Tonlé Sap, Cambodia |
Sour fermented meat dishes
Nem chua, a Vietnamese fermented meat served as is or fried, is made from pork meat, coated by fried rice (thính gạo), mixed with pork skin and then wrapped in country gooseberry leaves (lá chùm ruột) or Erythrina orientalis leaves (lá vông nem). The preservation process takes about three to five days.
Sausages
See also: Giò lụa
Vietnamese sausage, giò, is usually made from fresh ground pork and beef. Sausage makers may use the meat, skin or ear. Fish sauce is added before banana leaves are used to wrap the mixture. The last step is boiling. For common sausage, 1 kg of meat is boiled for an hour. For chả quế, the boiled meat mixture will then be roasted with cinnamon.
Vegetarian dishes
Main article: Buddhist cuisine
Desserts
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Chè | A sweet dessert beverage or pudding, it is usually made from beans and sticky rice. Many varieties of chè are available, each with different fruits, beans (for example, mung beans or kidney beans), and other ingredients. Chè can be served hot or cold and often with coconut milk. |
| Rau câu | This popular gelatin dessert cake is made with agar and flavored with coconut milk, pandan or other flavors. Because the gelatin is firm in texture compared to American gelatin, Vietnamese gelatin can be layered and shaped into intricate cakes. The gelatin is often called sương sa. |
| Chuối chiên | Banana deep-fried in a batter, often served hot with cold ice cream, usually vanilla or coconut |
| Bánh flan | Influenced by French cuisine and served with caramel or coffee sauce |
| Sinh tố | A fruit smoothie made with just a few teaspoons of sweetened condensed milk, crushed ice and fresh, local fruits. The smoothies' many varieties include custard apple, sugar apple, avocado, jackfruit, durian, strawberry, passionfruit, dragonfruit,lychee, mango, and banana. |
| Sữa chua | Local variant of yogurt, which was brought to Vietnam by French colonists. Made with condensed milk, it has a sweet, tart flavor. It can be eaten in its cool, soft form, or frozen, of which it is often sold in small, clear bags. |
Fruit preserves
Vietnamese use fruits in season. When the season is passing, they make candied fruit, called ô mai and fruit preserves, called mứt. The original taste of ô mai is sour, sweet, salty, and spicy. The most famous kind of ô mai is ô mai mơ, made from apricots harvested from the forest around Perfume Pagoda (Chùa Hương), Hà Tây Province. This ô mai consists of apricot covered by ginger, sugar, and liquorice root slivers.
Tofu
Tofu (đậu hũ) is widely used in Vietnamese cuisine. It is boiled, fried (sprinkled with ground shrimp or oil-dipped minced spring onion) or used as ingredient in a variety of dishes.
Other soybean products range from soy sauce (nước tương- usually light soy sauce), fermented bean paste (tương), and fermented bean curd (đậu phụ nhự or chao) to douhua (soft tofu sweet soup- tàu hũ nước đường, or tào phớ).
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